【知识网络】

一、重点词汇与短语

上海龙凤13141．英语中常见的复合宾语主要有以下几种类型:

上海龙凤1314（1）名词 (或代词)+形容词.

例如：

上海龙凤1314He said waltzes made him dizzy.

上海龙凤1314他说华尔滋舞使他头晕.

上海龙凤1314She had proved them all wrong.

她证明他们全错了

上海龙凤1314（2）名词 (或代词)+名词.

例如:

He appointed her Secretary of State.

他任命她为国务卿.

上海龙凤1314They call this numerical control.

他们把这称作数字控制

（3）名词 (或代词)+不定式.

例如:

He told me to be cautious.

他要我谨慎

I often saw him do this.

我常常看到他这样做.

上海龙凤1314（4）名词 (或代词)+分词.

例如:

上海龙凤1314He saw two men fighting in the street.

他看见两个人在街上打架.

上海龙凤1314I’ll get your blood tested.

我让人给你验一下血

（5）名词 (或代词)+介词短语或副词.

例如:

I found her in excellent condition.

我发现她处于极佳状态

You won’t find him in at this time.

这时候你不会在家里找到他

2．matter

上海龙凤1314（1）matter当 “物质”讲, 是不可数名词.

如:

上海龙凤1314Most matter has three states.

上海龙凤1314大多数物质具有三种状态.

（2） matter 当 “事情， 问题”讲, 是可数名词.

如:

上海龙凤1314Don’t do bthat. It will only make matters worse.

别这么干, 那只会把事情搞得更糟糕

上海龙凤1314（3）matter还可以表示 “麻烦事, 毛病”, 是可数名词, 通常表示 “什么事, 怎么了”.

例如:

Is anything the matter?

有什么问题吗?

（4）matter还可以作为动词, 意思是 “关系重要, 要紧”.

例如:

上海龙凤1314He said it didn’t matter whether we stayed or went.

他说, 我们去不去都可以

上海龙凤1314（5）同义词: material, substance 物质, 物体;

affair, thing, business事情, 情况, 事态;

problem, question, issue (讨论, 考虑)的问题;

上海龙凤1314trouble, problem, worry毛病, 麻烦事

（6）习 语:

上海龙凤1314a matter of大约

matter cycle物质循环

as a matter of fact事实上

in the matter of至于, 关于

matter in hand当前问题

上海龙凤1314matter of personal whim个人好恶问题

上海龙凤1314matter in dispute争执事件

matter of expediency 权益之计

上海龙凤1314matter energy物质能量

上海龙凤1314matter of record有案可查的事项

二、词义辨析

上海龙凤13141．below; under; beneath; down; underneath的区别

（1）below指高度低于某物, 但不一定在其正下方.

如:

上海龙凤1314We are below the stars

我们在星光下

（2）under指在某物的正下方, 或直接低于.

如:

He stood under a tree.

他站在一棵树下

上海龙凤1314（3） beneath是正式用词, 并有紧接, 靠近的意思.

如:

He lies beneath the ground.

他长眠于地下

（4）down常与表示动作的动词连用, 指从高至低的运动.

如:

上海龙凤1314The sun went down.

太阳落山了

(5). underneath制某物的直接下面.

如:

上海龙凤1314Someone was pushing underneath.

有人在下面推.

上海龙凤13142．huge; enormous; gigantic; immense; vast的区别

（1）Huge “巨大的”, 通常指体积的巨大.

如:

上海龙凤1314I saw a huge dog in the street.

上海龙凤1314我在街上看到一条很大的狗.

上海龙凤1314（2）enormous指超出比例的, 异常的和过分的 “巨大的”.

如:

The fat man in the circus is enormous.

马戏团里的那个胖子太胖了.

上海龙凤1314（3）gigantic指有如巨人一般 “巨大”.

例如:

He has a gigantic appetite and eats gigantic meals.

他的食量很大, 能吃很多东西.

（4）immense指各方面都极大, 非一般标准所能衡量.

如:

The distance between the earth and the sun may be said to be immense.

上海龙凤1314太阳和地球间的距离可以说是巨大的

（5）vast通常指范围”巨大的”.

例如:

There is a vast expanse of desert in Sinkiang.

新疆有一片广阔的沙漠

三、重点句型

上海龙凤1314a）In their efforts to survive, they find themselves on the surface of the monster itself, which turns out to be a submarine. 在他们努力求生时, 发现自己就在怪兽的身体表面上, 结果怪兽竟然是一艘潜水艇.

in one’s efforts to do sth. “在某人试图做某事时”, 通常在句中作状语.

如:

In his efforts to come to work earlier, he got caught in a traffic jam.

find oneself +介词短语，意为“（突然）发现自己处在。。。。。。”。

如：

On hearing this, I found myself in an embarrassing position.

b）Whatever great achievements the future may have in store for China, it is likely that many of them will be born in northwestern Beijing. 无论中国将来会有什么样的伟大成就, 其中许多很有可能就诞生在北京的西北部.

whatever在此引出一个让步状语从句, 相当于no matter what, 意为 “无论; 不管”.

如:

上海龙凤1314Whatever you many think, I’m going ahead with my plans.

it is likely that…是常见句型, 其中it是形式主语, that从句作句子的真主语.

如:

It is likely that we will be given another chance.

c）At the beginning of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, one of his most famous novels, ships are disappearing all over the world and it is believed to be caused by a sea monster. <<海底两万里>>是他最有名的小说之一, 该书的开头描写: 全世界的轮船都快全部消失了, 这据说是一个海洋水怪造成的.

上海龙凤1314it指前文中的ships are disappearing这件事, 这是it的用法之一.

如:

上海龙凤1314There is a lot of air in loose, and it helps to keep the cold out.

上海龙凤1314be believed to…是固定句式, 意为 “据说, 人们认为, 有人相信”, 其中不定式有几种变化:to be…; to do…; to be doing; to have done.

如:

The little boy is believed to be sleeping in the room.

四、语法复习

1．部分否定:

英语中的概括词all, every, both, 以及与every构成的合成词everybody, everything用于not否定句时, 只表示部分否定, 常译成 “并非……都”.

例如:

上海龙凤1314Both of the books were not published in Britain

上海龙凤1314这两本书不都是在英国出版的.

Everything isn’t ready.

并不是一切都准备好了

上海龙凤1314Not everyone likes this garden.

并不是每个人都喜欢这个花园.

以上句子如果表达全部否定, 则必须运用完全否定词语none, neither, no one, nothing等.

例如:

None of the answers are correct.

所以答案都错了

Neither of the books are published in Britain .

这两本书都不是在英国出版的

上海龙凤1314Nothing is ready.

什么都没准备好

上海龙凤1314No one likes this garden.

没有人喜欢这个花园.

[注意]任何人不经允许不能离开这个聚会

[误]Anybody can’t leave the party without permission.

上海龙凤1314[正]Nobody can leave the party without permission

any…not的表达形式不符合英语习惯.

2．现在分词和不定式均可作结果状语, 区别如下:

分词作结果状语, 通常表示一个比较自然的, 意料之中的结果, 是主句谓语动词动作的直接结果. 不定式作结果状语, 通常表示发生的一个出乎意料, 事先没有想到的结果.

例如:

He hurried to the station. Only to find the train had gone.

他急急忙忙赶到车站, 结果发现火车已经开走了. (他未料到)

He lifted a rock only to have it drop on his own feet.

上海龙凤1314他搬起石头, 结果却砸了自己的脚.

3．构成法(一)----合成法

上海龙凤1314合成词的概念

上海龙凤1314将两个或两个以上的词组合在一起而形成新的词, 叫做合成词.

如:

上海龙凤1314international, worldwide, telephone, broadband, mankind, extremely, hi-tech, e-mail

合成形容词的常见构成方式:

上海龙凤13141．形容词+名词+ed: kind-hearted, cold-blooded

2．形容词+doing: good-looking, easy-going, finesounding

上海龙凤13143．名词+doing: eye-catching, painstaking, peaceloving, breath-taking

4．副词+done: widespread, widely-used, wellknown

上海龙凤13145．名词+形容词: homesick, carefree, seasick, airsick

6．基数词+名词+形容词:four-year-old, twometer-tall, ten-foot-deep

合成名词的常见构词方式:

7．名词+名词:bookworm, silkworm, blood-test

上海龙凤13148．doing+名词:sleeping-car, washing-machine, sleeping-pill

上海龙凤13149．动词+名词:pick-pocket, break-water

上海龙凤131410．名词+doing: handwriting, sun-bathing, sand-bathing

上海龙凤131411．动词+副词:break-through, get-together

上海龙凤1314合成动词的构成方式:

上海龙凤131412．名词+动词:sleep-walk

13．副词+动词:overthrow, undergo, undertake

上海龙凤131414．形容词+动词:blacklist, white-wash

上海龙凤1314其他常见合成词: maybe, myself, moreover, forever, everything, however, nevertheless

5．构词法(二)---派生法

上海龙凤1314派生词一般由词根 (root)+前缀 (prefix)/后缀 (suffix)构成

构成方式

上海龙凤13141．加前缀:词义变化,但词性不变. 反义词常用词缀如下:

前缀 意思 例 子

上海龙凤1314Un- 不 unhappy untrue uncomfortable

上海龙凤1314做相反的动作 uncover undo unpack

Dis- 不 dislike dishonest disagree

做相反的动作 disown disinfect disconnect

上海龙凤1314In- 不 informal inaccurate inconvenient

上海龙凤1314Im- 不 impossible impolite immoral

Ir- 不 irregular irresistible irresponsible

上海龙凤1314Il- 不 illegal illogical illegitimate

Non- 非 Non-violence Non-smoker Non-conductor

上海龙凤13142．表示其他意思的常用前缀:

上海龙凤1314re-:重新, 再, 又; mis-:错误地; co-:共同地, 合作的; anti-:反对; over-:过于, 过火; under-:不够; ex-:前任的,向外的, 多余的; pre-:预先, 在…之前; post-:之后的; super: 超级的; sub-:次……,亚……; inter-:相互的; tele-:远距离的; trans-:跨越, 移植, 转移; micro-:微观的; macro:宏观的; mini-:特小的; max-特大的; semi-:半; mono-:单; bi-:双; tri-:三; multi-:多; auto-:自动的

3．个别前缀可以引起词性的变化:en-+名词或形容词=动词(encage, enlarge, enrich, encase, endanger); a-+名词=形容词或副词(asleep, aside, aboard, arise, awake)

常用名词后缀以及例子:

后 缀 例 子

-er reader thinker Pain-killer

上海龙凤1314-or actor sailor transistor

-ist scientist socialist dentist

-ee (表承受者) employee interviewee examinee

-ess (表阴性) hostess waitress tigress

上海龙凤1314-ian musician magician technician

上海龙凤1314-ese Chinese Japanese Pekinese

-ism(主义) socialism racism heroism

-(a)tion attraction dictation addiction

-ion explosion revision decision

-ship membership citizenship partnership

-hood Motherhood childhood brotherhood

-age shortage leakage postage

上海龙凤1314-al arrival survival refusal

-ure pleasure exposure pressure

-dom freedom kingdom condom

上海龙凤1314-th warmth width depth

-ance resistance reliance assistance

上海龙凤1314-ence dependence persistence reference

-ful plateful mouthful handful

上海龙凤1314常用形容词后缀以及例子:

后 缀 例 子

-ful hopeful peaceful grateful

上海龙凤1314-less careless homeless fearless

上海龙凤1314-ish childish selfish reddish

-ive active decisive destructive

上海龙凤1314-ous dangerous famous enormous

-able capable drinkable agreeable

上海龙凤1314-ic realistic scientific artistic

-ly friendly lively daily

上海龙凤1314-y rainy sunny snowy

-ent different current independent

-ary imaginary revolutionary secondary

-some troublesome awesome handsome

上海龙凤1314-en golden wooden woolen

-an European Canadian Russian

上海龙凤1314-like childlike gentlemanlike manlike

上海龙凤1314其他常见词性的后缀:

后 缀 例 子

动 词 -ize (使…化) popularize realize modernize

上海龙凤1314-en deepen widen strengthen

-ify beautify amplify simplify

副 词 -ly really happily terribly

-ward backward forward homeward

上海龙凤1314-wise otherwise clockwise likewise

数 词 -teen fourteen nineteen fifteen

-ty forty ninety fifty

上海龙凤1314-th forth ninth fifth

【考点透视 考例精析】

上海龙凤1314[考点] 名词性从句作表语。

上海龙凤1314[考例1] Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer ________ it was 20 years ago, ________ it was so poorly equipped.

上海龙凤1314A．what; when B．that; which C． what; which D．which; that

上海龙凤1314[点拨] 选A。what引导表语从句，且在从句中作表语；when引导非限定性定语从句。全句的意思是：“它不再是20前设备简陋的时候那个样子了。”

上海龙凤1314[考点] attract 用作及物动词，“吸引，招引”的意思。

[考例2] The company is starting a new advertising campaign to ________ new customers to its stores.

A．join B．attract C．stick D．transfer

[点拨] 选B。句义是：“那家公司正开始新的广告战役来吸引顾客到它的商场买东西。”

上海龙凤1314[考点] 名词性从句作宾语。

上海龙凤1314[考例3] I want to know ________ the thief was caught on the spot.

A．which B．that C．what D．whether

[点拨] 选D。句义是：“我想知道小偷是否被当场抓获的。” whether 引导宾语从句， 表示“是否”。这里whether可以用if 替换，但引导主语从句，表示“是否”时，只能用whether，不能用if。例如：Whether we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. （这句话中whether 引导从句是主语从句，不能用 if 替换。）

[考点] that引导的名词性从句作主语。由于主语从句较长，为平衡句子结构，常用it 作形式主语。

[考例4] ________ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.

上海龙凤1314A．What is required B．What requires C．It is required D．It requires

上海龙凤1314[点拨] 选D。it 是形式主语， that引导的从句是真正的主语。

【基础演练】

一、根据所给首字母或括号中的汉语意思填写句子空格中所缺的单词。

1．Different countries have different ________ (节日) all over the world.

2．In China people give gifts of m_______ when the Mid-Autumn Festival comes.

3．You can i______ your vocabulary by reading English Newspapers.

4．The o______ of this old custom is still unknown.

5．I must a_______ for not being able to meet you on time.

6．It’s ________ (明显) he is lying to his father.

7． he shopping mall is full of _________ (顾客).

8．After the disease she ate more v______ like beans, potatoes and mushrooms.

9．Playing piano well requires a lot of p______.

10．There has been a 50% growth in the _______(市场) for personal computers.

二、单项填空

1．We’ve just heard a warning on the radio that a hurricane is ______to come this evening.

上海龙凤1314A．likely B．possible C．probable D．believable

2．The President is now on a visit to Russia, ______at expanding relations between the two countries.

A． aims B．to aiming C．being aimed D．aimed

3．This experiment turned out to be ______failure, but, as we know, success often comes after ______failure.

A． a; a B．不填; 不填 C．a; 不填 D．不填; a

上海龙凤13144．To my delight, I found the new flat ______in pleasant surroundings.

上海龙凤1314A．located B．locating C．to locate D．being located

上海龙凤13145．These doctors are busy day and night, ______a cure for ALDS.

A．bringing on B．pulling on C．taking on D．working on

6．You are smart, diligent and determined, which, I’m sure, will ______this plan a success.

A．get B．lead to C．cause D． make

上海龙凤13147．Suddenly there came a cry for help from the river, which attracted his ______.

A．care B．concern C．eye D． attention

上海龙凤13148．Whenever you are in trouble, don’t hesitate ______me for help.

A．asking B．to ask C．in asking D． to asking

9．Jules’ father sent him to Paris to study law, but ______he developed his love for the theatre.

A．besides B．moreover C．therefore D．instead

10．We were surprised that your parents came with us and spent the whole day ______in the snow.

A．to play B．played C．playing D．to playing

【能力拓展】

阅读理解：

It is predicted that there will be 5 scientific breakthroughs in the 21st century.

We’ll know where we came from. Why does the universe exist? To put it another way, why is there something instead of nothing? Since the 1920s, scientists have known the universe is expanding, which means it must have started at a definite time in the past. They even have developed theories that give a detailed picture of the evolution(演变) of the universe.

We’ll crack（破译）the genetic（基因）code and conquer cancer. Thanks to 20th-century antibiotics, the once dreaded, once incurable disease now can mean nothing more serious than taking some pills. As scientists learn more about the genetic code and the way cells work, many serious diseases ---cancer, for one ---will become less threatening. Using manufactured “therapeutic”(治疗的) viruses, doctors will be able to replace cancer-causing damaged DNA with healthy genes.

We’ll live longer (120 years?). If the normal aging process is basically an invisible contest in our cells ---a contest between damage to our DNA and our cells’ ability to repair that damage ---then 21st –century progress in genetic medicine may let us control and even reverse the process.

上海龙凤1314We’ll manage Earth. In the 21st century, we’ll stop talking about the weather but will do something about it. We’ll gradually learn how to predict the effects of human activity on the Earth, its climate and its ecosystems(生态系统). And with that knowledge will come an increasing willingness to use it to manage the workings of our planet.

上海龙凤1314We’ll have a brain “road map”. This is the real “final frontier” of the 21st century: The brain is the most complex system we know. It contains about 100 billion neurons, each connected to as many as 1,000 others.

上海龙凤13141．In the 20th century, __________ made the serious disease become curable.

A．genetic code B．healthy genes C． antibiotics D．DNA

2．Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?

A．In the 21st century, we will be more willing to manage the working of our planet

B．The brain contains about 1000 billion neurons.

C．The 21st century progress in genetic may let us control the aging process.

上海龙凤1314D．The universe must have started at a definite time in the past.

3．What’s the main idea of the text?

A．People will live longer and become much stronger in the 21st century.

上海龙凤1314B．There will be 5 scientific breakthroughs in the 21st century

C．Science will develop more quickly in the 21st century.

上海龙凤1314D．People will know more about our world

参考答案

高二部分

上海龙凤1314Units 11-12 (B2)

基础演练

一、1．festivals 2．mooncakes 3．improve 4．origin 5． apologize 6．obvious 7． customers 8．vegetables 9． practice 10．market

上海龙凤1314二、1．A 2．D 3．C 4．A 5．D 6．D 7．D 8．B 9．D 10．C

能力拓展

1-3 CBB

上海龙凤13141． C 从第三段Thanks to 20th-century antibiotics, the once dreaded, once incurable disease now can mean nothing more serious than taking some pills看出，20世纪多亏了抗生素antibiotics的出现，曾经那样可怕的不治之症现在成了服点药片就万事大吉的事情了。

2． B 从“The brain is the most complex system we know. It contains about 100 billion neurons”看出B是不对的。

上海龙凤13143． B 主旨大意题，文章第一段就开门见山的说了据预测21世界科学将出现五大突破。