Period 1 Warming up and listening

I. Goals:

1. To make Ss know pollution and present situation throughout the

上海龙凤1314world and encourage them to find solutions to this problem.

上海龙凤13142. To encourage Ss to activate the relevant vocabulary.

3. To develop Ss' speaking by practicing supporting an opinion.

II. Teaching procedures

Step 1 Warming up

上海龙凤13141. Greetings

2. Talk about the pictures

Present the students a series of pictures to assure them how serious the pollution is

and ask them some questions about these pictures.

⑴ ⑵ ⑶

⑷ ⑸ ⑹

Q1: What can you see in these pictures? How does it happen?

Q2: What causes the problem?

上海龙凤1314Q3: What are the biggest problems facing the earth? Why do you think so?

Q4: Have you ever done something bad to the environment?

Q5: Can you give me more examples that happened in people's daily life and is bad for the environment?

Step 2 Listening

1. Lead in

More and more people are realizing the damage that is being done the environment and learning more and more harm that the environment is doing to our human inhabit. People are celebrating International Earth Day, when varieties of activities are held so that more people will be involved in environment protection.

2. While-listening

上海龙凤1314 Listen to Part 1 and answer the questions.

1) Why is she giving this speech?

2) What does she think the most serious problem is?

上海龙凤13143) What does she say that we should do about it?

上海龙凤13144) What do you think she will say next?

Listen to Part 2 and fill in the blanks with what Ss hear.

Argument 1: We should _____________.

We must _________________________.

We should _______________________.

上海龙凤1314If we _______, we ________________. Argument 2; _______________________

Problem: _______________________

Solutions: _______________________

3. Post-listening

Pair work: Infer what the speaker will say next, list like the above one and share the speech with the partner and the class.

上海龙凤1314 Group work: Discuss with group members about the measures that we may take to protect air, forest; animals; grassland.

上海龙凤1314 Ask Ss to deliver their speech on environment protection.

Period 2 Speaking

Goals:

1. Make the Ss learn some useful words and expressions.

2. Further develop students’ speaking abilities.

上海龙凤13143. Arouse the Ss to take better care of the earth.

Teaching procedures:

上海龙凤1314Step 1 Revision

We have known much about pollution around. What are the problems we are facing? Which one do you think is the most important? Why?

Group 1: The lack of safe and clean water.

More than 1.2 billion people lack access to clean and safe water

Providing safe and clean drinking water would save money by freeing hospital beds from patients with disease caused by dirty water.

12 percent of the world’s population uses 85 percent of its water, and these 12percent live in developed countries.

Group 2: Air pollution

上海龙凤1314Air pollution causes more than 2.7 million deaths in the world every year.

Most air pollution is caused by the burning of fuels like coal, gas and oil.

上海龙凤1314Each year tens of thousands of people die as a result of breathing polluted air.

Air pollution causes other diseases and may make it easier for children to get sick in the future.

上海龙凤1314Group 3: Poor sanitation

Over 2.4 billion people have no access to sanitation.

Every day, as many as half of all the people on the earth suffer from one of the many diseases caused by poor sanitation.

Without proper sanitation, efforts to improve health care are useless.

Group 4: Poverty

上海龙凤1314Half the world lives on less than two dollars a day.1.3 billion people live on less than one dollar a day.

上海龙凤1314In the year 2000, some 1.7 million children died as a result of poverty.

Almost 800 million people on the world do not have enough to eat.

上海龙凤1314Step 2 Speaking

上海龙凤13141. Talking about what Ss can see in the picture.

(1) (2)

Q1: What is being piled in the picture 1?

Q2: What can coal be used for?

Q3: What is being giving off from the workshop?

上海龙凤1314Q4: What is being polluted?

上海龙凤1314Every coin has two sides. It is true with coal, which is a valuable resource that can be used to produce energy, but it can also cause serious pollution.

2. Group work: A debate Coal is/isn’t a valuable resource.

pros cons

A businessman An environmentalist

A scientist A local citizen

A local leader

… …

1. As we know, coal is a valuable resource to produce energy, but it can also cause serious pollution. We will attend a meeting and discuss the issue.

2. Four Ss get a group. You are citizen, businessman, scientist and environmentalist.

上海龙凤1314Citizen: We must burn the coal so that we can get money to develop our area as soon as possible, because…

Businessman: We should burn the coal because…

Scientist: We should spend more money on science so that we can use the coal in a better way, because…

上海龙凤1314Environmentalist: We shouldn’t burn the coal because…

3. As a local leader in this area, summarize and help the speakers decide.

4. Ask the Ss use these useful expressions:

We must make sure that… It’s clear that…

上海龙凤1314I believe that we must… I’m all for…

上海龙凤1314If nothing is done…, then… I can’t imagine that…

Sure/ certainly / absolutely It would be better if we…

Is there a better way to…?

上海龙凤1314Step 3 Conclusion

上海龙凤1314We human beings should take good care of our planet, because it is the only place we can survive. Love the earth, love ourselves.

Period 3-4 Reading Welcome to the Earth Summit

I. Goals:

上海龙凤13141.To promote the students' understanding of the text

2. To get the students to grasp the detailed information of the text

3. To enable the students to master some words and expressions

4. To improve the students' reading ability

II. Teaching procedures

上海龙凤1314Step 1 Warming up

Ask the students some questions connected with pollution

上海龙凤1314Q1: Did you use to go swimming in a river when you were young?

上海龙凤1314What about the children today? Why not?

Q2: Do you use one-off chopsticks while having fast food?

Q3: How do you deal with the plastic bags?

上海龙凤1314Q4: What do you think of the air today?

Q5: What do you think of the relationship between economy development and

pollution?

上海龙凤1314Step 2 Pre-reading

1. Discussion

上海龙凤1314Read the title and discuss in pairs what problems will be discussed at the summit.

上海龙凤1314(As the title states, problems related to the earth will be discussed at the summit, like air, water, forest, desert, grassland, etc)

2. Prediction

Group work: Fill in the chart with what Ss predict about what each part of the text will be about.

Introduction

Body

Conclusion

上海龙凤13143. Problem-solving

Go through the whole passage and compare whose guess is the closest to the content of the passage.

上海龙凤13144. Find the answers to these two questions.

Q1: When and where was the Earth Summit held?

(In 2002 in Johannesburg in South Africa.)

Q2: Which Chinese officer attended the meeting? What did he say?

上海龙凤1314(Premier Zhu Rongji; Stressed the need for quality and fairness in the world. )

上海龙凤1314Step 3 While-reading

上海龙凤13141. Individual work

上海龙凤1314Get the students to read the text carefully and ask some students to answer the following questions in their own words.

Q1: What was the meeting held in 1972 about ?

上海龙凤1314Q2: What's the main theme of the Earth Summit?

Q3: Do you know the 'big three’? What are they?

上海龙凤1314Q4: Where do you think usually has 'the big three'? Why?

Q5: What does global development mean nowadays? What should developed

countries actually do?

上海龙凤1314Q6: What's the use of conferences like the Earth Summit?

Q7: What's the key to the future? As a student, what should you do?

2. Reading for information

上海龙凤1314Introduction Name The Earth Summit

上海龙凤1314When In 2002

Where Johannesburg, south Africa

Theme Sustainable development

How to continue developing the world without damaging the environment

Body

上海龙凤1314The “big three” Contaminated drinking water; 20%

上海龙凤1314Poor sanitation:

Air pollution: three million deaths; in rural areas in developing countries

上海龙凤1314Global development Equality Each country takes part in

Fairness

International cooperation Rich counties help poor countries; Prosperity of developing countries; Possible sustainable development

Conclusion

上海龙凤1314Impact 1. help to understand the existing serious problems

上海龙凤13142. there’s still time to take action

上海龙凤13143. change the way we live to save the earth

上海龙凤13144. Ss are learning “earth issues”

5. a place to find solutions for the future

Step 4 Post-reading

1. Retelling

Suppose you were the Chinese girl who attended the Earth Summit, tell what she heard and saw at the Summit. Begin with “Hello, everyone. I’m the luckiest girl to attend the 2002 Earth Summit in Johannesburg. Now let me tell you about the summit. …”

2. Interview

上海龙凤1314Ss work in pairs, playing the role of a newspaper reporter, attendants from different continents attending the Earth Summit. Finally the teacher invites some pairs to act out their interview

上海龙凤13142. Design the coming Earth Summit

Group work:

Task: Prepare the coming Earth Summit

Arrangement: S1: organization

S2: Prepare necessities for the Summit

上海龙凤1314S3: Mess media

上海龙凤1314S4: Attendants invited

S5: budget

上海龙凤1314S6: Transportation & accommodation

上海龙凤1314Have Ss present the preparations for the Summit in groups.

Task Debate

As we know the Earth Summit is a place to find solutions for the future. Some people say that money can solve all problems, but some say knowledge. Which one do you agree? Money or Knowledge? Ss will be divided into two groups. See which group can win the debate.

上海龙凤1314Step 5 Conclusion

If we want to get knowledge, we must have better education. With better education, people will be able to build a better society in harmony with nature. With better education, much of the poverty can be wiped out. With better education, we will see less violence and fewer wars.

Step 6 Homework

上海龙凤13141. Write a report about the Earth Summit. (100-120 words)

2. Make up a poster to arouse people to stop polluting the environment.

Period 5-6 Language Study & Grammar

I. Goals:

1. To get Ss to learn and master the usages of the new words and the useful expressions in this unit.

上海龙凤13142. To enable Ss to grasp the grammar: Inversion.

II. Teaching procedures:

Step 1 Warming up

1. Greetings

上海龙凤13142. Play a guessing game: first some items are shown on the screen, and each item is the paraphrase of one new word. Divide the class into four groups. Ss are encouraged to guess the word as quickly as possible. This game is to enlarge Ss’ vocabulary.

上海龙凤1314(1) To make a place or substance dirty and dangerous by adding sth to it.

上海龙凤1314(2) To make a short statement giving only the main information and not the details of a plan, report etc.

上海龙凤1314(3) The situation or experience of being poor.

上海龙凤1314(4) A position or situation in which people have the same rights, advantages.

(5) To do sth in order to protect someone or sth from being attacked

上海龙凤1314(6) To do sth that produces an effect or change in someone or sth

上海龙凤1314(7) .Behavior that is intended to hurt other people physically

(8).Not right or fair

(9).Sth that you can choose to do or use instead of sth else

(contaminate, summarize, poverty, equality, defend, affect;

violence, unfair, alternative )

Complete the following sentences with the words from the bracket, using the correct form.

1. According to the report, the environment has become a major _______ worldwide.

One in five children before age five die from diseases caused by environmental

上海龙凤1314problems. ( kill )

上海龙凤13142. Internet use has been spreading at a(n) _________ speed in China. “Have you surfed the net?’’ has become a more common greeting than the traditional “ Have you eaten?’’ ( alarm )

上海龙凤13143. The word “netizen”, which means a person who uses the Internet, comes from “net” and “________”. ( city )

4. During the interview, the young man asked about the job ____________ as a sales manager. ( responsible)

5. How many Chinese ______________ will be sent to the international meeting in Stockholm, Sweden? ( represent )

6. The people who listened to the report were shocked by the ________ of the villagers. ( suffer )

7. It was there people’s __________ to work hard and well that impressed me most. ( willing )

上海龙凤1314(killer, alarming, citizen, responsibility, representatives, suffering, willingness )

上海龙凤1314Step 2 language points and useful expressions

上海龙凤13141. Attend: 出席，上（大学等），照料

To go to an event such as a meeting

eg: Only 7 people attended the meeting.

上海龙凤1314To go regularly to a school, church etc

eg: All children between the ages of 5 and 16 must attend school.

To look after someone, especially because they are ill

eg: The nurse attended the patient daily.attend to sb/sth 处理，照应

上海龙凤1314eg: I may be late – I have got one or two things to attend to.

Are you being attended to in a shop?

上海龙凤1314Then do some exercises to enable Ss to distinguish the following words:

attend / join / join in / take part in / join sb in sth

上海龙凤1314Ex: Fill in the blanks with the expressions given.

1. He’ll _________ an important meeting tomorrow.

2. Almost all the teams in our school __________ the basketball match.

3. My wish is to ________ the army after graduation.

4. We’ll _______________ social activities during the summer vacation.

上海龙凤13145. They didn’t ___________ the wedding.

6. I ________ the party last year.

7. Our headmaster will _______ us ____ the discussion this afternoon.

(attend, join in, join, take part in, attend, joined, join in )

2. take notes: 作笔记，记录

上海龙凤1314take action: 采取行动

上海龙凤1314Eg: Do you takes notes of the lectures?

He sat quietly in the corner taking notes carefully.

They took action to stop him.

The police took action to deal with this thing immediately.

The medicine will not take action for several hours.

上海龙凤1314开始起作用，见效，生效

The pill takes effect as soon as you swallow it.

take turns

take measures/steps

take place

take care

take medicine

take time

take cold

take notice

take sides

Eg: You always takes sides with him without even listening to me.

上海龙凤13143. content:

上海龙凤13141). n. 内容，目录 (常作 ~ s ) ; 容量，容积

Eg: the contents of a book

上海龙凤1314a table of contents

Look up the contents at the beginning of the book.

上海龙凤1314a bucket of more than usual content

上海龙凤13142). Adj. 满足的，满意的

be content to do sth

上海龙凤1314be content with sth

content oneself with sth

He is quite content to watch TV for hours.

I’m very content with my life at present.

As there’s no butter we must content ourselves with dry bread.

access: 进入，接近

Eg: The dead-end street was the only access to her home.

Access to the mountain-town is often difficult because of the bad roads.

have access to :

Eg: Twenty percent of the people on earth do not have access to clean drinking water.

上海龙凤1314have sth that you can use

上海龙凤1314Eg: The public don’t have access to the site.

the right to enter a place

上海龙凤1314Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation.

Until 的三种句式

上海龙凤1314I didn’t go to bed until my mother came back. （ 陈述句 ） v

Not until my mother came back did I go to bed. （ 倒装句 ）

It was not until my mother came back that I went to bed. （ 强调句 ）直到她母亲把一切对杰克和盘托出，杰克才明白她为什么跟自己生气。

上海龙凤13141).Jack didn’t understand why she was angry with him until her mother told him everything.

2).Not until her mother told him everything did Jack understand why she was angry with him.

3).It was not until her mother told him everything that Jack understood why she was angry with him.

A better understanding of the environment is necessary, as is the willingness to act.

As 此处的用法与so相同。

上海龙凤1314Eg: He is a patriot, as are his bothers.

David works hard, as do his classmates.

上海龙凤1314Harry is unusually tall, as are his sisters.

He believed, as did his family, that you were telling the truth.

With better education, people will be able to build a better society in harmony with nature.

上海龙凤1314in harmony with 与---- 协调 ,和谐

上海龙凤1314Eg: The color of the sofa is in harmony with the sitting room.

He soon found himself in harmony with his new co-workers.

上海龙凤1314Your suggestions are not in harmony with the aims of this project.

…perhaps put an end to the death and suffering caused by the big three.

上海龙凤1314put an end to 结束，毁掉

上海龙凤1314Eg: Winning the competition put an end to his financial problems.

上海龙凤1314The discussion was put an end to by his sudden arrival.

The wind put an end to the pier.

上海龙凤1314wipe out : 擦洗---- 的内部，去除，消灭To make sth inside clean

Eg: wipe out the coffee pot

To destroy, remove, or get rid of sth completely

上海龙凤1314Eg: wipe out the enemy’s major military targets

上海龙凤1314Half the population was wiped out by this disease.

informal ) to make you feel extremely tired

上海龙凤1314Eg: The heat had wiped us out.

And if poverty is less of a problem and people are better educated, there is a good chance that we will see -------

there is a good chance ( that ) ----可能发生某事 ”

Eg: There is a good chance that I’ll finish the work tomorrow.

上海龙凤1314There is a good chance ( that ) he will be gone by then.

affect: vt.影响，感动，（疾病）侵袭

effect：n. 影响，效果，作用

Eg: This country was affected by draught.

The amount of rain affects the growth of crops.

The sight affected her to tears.

上海龙凤1314It may be the effect of the illness.

上海龙凤1314This accident had an effect on the future of both mother and son.

Period 7 Grammar ( Inversion )

上海龙凤1314I。Goals:

上海龙凤13141. To get Ss to learn and master the usages of the new words and the useful expressions in this unit.

上海龙凤13142. To enable Ss to grasp the grammar: Inversion.

II. Teaching procedures:

上海龙凤1314Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation.

Only by changing the way we live can we save the earth.

上海龙凤1314Had I known that air conditioners cause so much pollution, I would never have bought one.

上海龙凤1314There exist serious problems and there is still time to take action.

上海龙凤1314Among the speakers was China’s then Premier Zhu Rongji.

A better understanding of the environment is necessary, as is the willingness to act.

上海龙凤1314Without international cooperation, developing countries cannot prosper, nor will sustainable development be possible.

上海龙凤1314Study the structures of inverted sentences and g

上海龙凤1314A. Here comes the bus.

上海龙凤1314There goes the bell.

Down he went.

上海龙凤1314On the wall hangs a picture.

B. Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.

上海龙凤1314Never have I seen such a wonderful film.

Ⅲ.Practice

上海龙凤1314So neither nor as

上海龙凤13141. Richer countries have a responsibility to protect the environment, ___________ the

上海龙凤1314poor countries.

上海龙凤13142. We shouldn’t waste so much water,________ we use things that are harmful to the environment.

3. Air conditioners cause much pollution,________ cars.

上海龙凤13144. Many people are determined to change the way they live.___________ I.

5. I don’t buy products that cause pollution, ________ most people I know.

6. She is interested in environmental protection,________________ her mother.

上海龙凤13147. If you don’t stay at the party,_____________ will I.

上海龙凤13148. I can’t attend the meeting and _______________ you; we have some other work to do.

9. A: How old are you?

上海龙凤1314B: Can you keep a secret?

A: Sure.

上海龙凤1314B: ______________ I.

(so/as do, neither/nor should, so/as do, so/as am, neither/nor do, so/as is, neither/nor, neither/nor can, so/as am )

II. Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with the underlined part.

1. We will not have enough drinking water until we stop polluting our lakes and rivers.

上海龙凤1314Not until_______________________________________________

2. We can save the earth only by learning to live in harmony with nature.

上海龙凤1314Only _________________________________________________.

3. I knew that air pollution causes almost three million deaths every year only after the meeting.

上海龙凤1314Only___________________________________________________

4. Sustainable development can only be possible with international cooperation.

上海龙凤1314Only__________________________________________________.

5. The Earth Summit is not only a place to talk about problems, but also a place to

find solutions for the future.

Not only _____________________________________________.

上海龙凤13146. People will be able to build a better society in harmony with nature only with better education.

上海龙凤1314Only____________________________________________________.

上海龙凤13147. We seldom think of the small changes that we can do to make a big difference.

上海龙凤1314Seldom__________________________________________________.

8. I have never realized that water is so precious.

上海龙凤1314Never_______________________________________________

b. Try to be clean in our daily activities;

上海龙凤1314c. Use environmentally safe products Dispose of trash properly Recycle household waste, yard waste, and hazardous chemicalsDon’t pour waste water into rivers and lakes without being cleaned.Recycle the used battery.Use paper bags instead of plastic bags. 2. Report the ways to stop pollution in class.

About World Day for Water

上海龙凤1314The United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution A/RES/47/193 of 22 December 1992 by which 22 March of each year was declared World Day for Water, to be observed starting in 1993, in conformity with the recommendations of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) contained in Chapter 18 (Fresh Water Resources) of Agenda 21. States were invited to devote the Day, as appropriate in the national context, to concrete activities such as the promotion of public awareness through the publication and diffusion of documentaries and the organization of conferences, round tables, seminars and expositions related to the conservation and development of water resources and the implementation of the recommendations of Agenda 21.

hat is World Environment Day?

World Environment Day was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1972 to raise environmental awareness and to encourage action to protect the environment.

Ⅲ. EARTH SUMMIT

In 1992, more than 100 heads of state met in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil for the first international Earth Summit convened to address urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development. The assembled leaders signed the Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity, endorsed the Rio Declaration and the Forest Principles, and adopted Agenda 21, a 300 page plan for achieving sustainable development in the 21st century.

上海龙凤1314The Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was created to monitor and report on implementation of the Earth Summit agreements. It was agreed that a five year review of Earth Summit progress would be made in 1997 by the United Nations General Assembly meeting in special session. This special session of the UN General Assembly took stock of how well countries, international organizations and sectors of civil society have responded to the challenge of the Earth Summit.

Period 9 Grammar (补充语法)

上海龙凤1314I。Goals:

1. To get Ss to learn and master the usages of the new words and the useful expressions in this unit.

2. To enable Ss to grasp the grammar: Inversion.

上海龙凤1314II. Teaching procedures:

倒装语序分为“全部倒装”和“部分倒装”。在全部倒装的句子中，整个谓语都放在主语的前面；在部分倒装的句子中，只是谓语中的一部分（如助动词、情态动词或系动词be等）放在主语前面，其余部分仍放在主语后面。

一、由there, here 或now 等引起，谓语为come（或go）的句子，例如：

上海龙凤1314There comes the bus! There goes the bell!

上海龙凤1314Here comes Mary! Now comes your turn.

注：如果主语为人称代词，仍用自然语序，例如：

There he comes! Here she comes!

二、由then 引起，谓语为come（或 follow）的句子，

上海龙凤1314Then came a new difficulty.

Then followed eight years of the Anti-Japanese War.

三、由here（或there）引导，谓语为be的句子

Here is China’s largest tropical forest.

上海龙凤1314Here are some picture-books.

上海龙凤1314注：如果主语为人称代词，仍用自然语序，

Here you are. / Here we are. / Here it is

四、由so引起的，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人（或物）的句子，如：

Society has changed and so have the people in it.

He plays the violin quite well. So does my sister.

如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思，尽管so用开头，语序也不要倒装

上海龙凤1314--It was cold yesterday.–-So it was!

上海龙凤1314五、由neither或nor引起的，表示前面所说 的情况也适用于另一个人（或物）的句子，

上海龙凤1314-- I won’t do such a thing.

上海龙凤1314–-Neither / Nor will I.

-- I haven’t done my homework.

–- Neither / Nor have I.

上海龙凤1314If you don’t go, neither will I.

上海龙凤1314I didn’t read the notice, nor did he.

上海龙凤1314六、在if引导的非真实条件句中，如有助动词had, should或were时，可以省略if，进行倒装，

上海龙凤1314Had I come five minutes earlier, I would have met the famous scientist.

(If I had come five minutes …)

上海龙凤1314Should anyone call, tell him to wait for me here.

Were I ten years younger, I would with you.

Should you change your mind, let us know.

上海龙凤1314七、out, in, up, down, away等副词放在主语前,主谓倒装

上海龙凤1314Up flew the red balloon.

上海龙凤1314Out rushed a policeman from among the crowd.

上海龙凤1314注：如果主语是一个人称代词，谓语仍放在后面，如：

上海龙凤1314Away they went./ Down it flew. / Up it went.

上海龙凤1314八、当as引导让步状语从句时，把表语提到前面来, 用“形容词（或副词、名词+ as +主语+谓语”这种形式

Child as he is, he knows a lot.

Tired as he was, he continued to work.

Hard as I work, I can’t catch up with you.

上海龙凤1314Much as we like the place, we can’t stay here. 九、当always, often, many a time等词放在句首时，后面常用倒装语序，如：

上海龙凤1314Always did he come to help us.

Often did we warn them not to do so.

Many a time did he go swimming in the river.

上海龙凤1314注：上述所说的词不放在句首，不用倒装语序。十、only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，其后面的主语部分要进行倒装，如：

上海龙凤1314Only in this way can you hope to improve the situation there.

Only then did I realize that I was wrong.

Only once did his father discuss his future with him.

Only yesterday did I realize what was going on.

上海龙凤1314Only after he came back was I able to see him.

上海龙凤1314注：only修饰主语，仍用自然语序，如：

Only socialism can save China.

十一、含有否定意义的副词、连词或短语构成的状语放在句首时，常用倒装语序

not, never, hardly, seldom, little, rarely,

上海龙凤1314scarcely, not until, not only…but also…,

neither…nor… no sooner…than…,

hardly…when …, scarcely…when

上海龙凤1314Never shall I forget the day.

Not until I began to work did I realize Ihad wasted much time.

Not only did he read the book, but also he remembered what he had read.

No sooner had he arrived than he fell ill.

上海龙凤1314Hardly / Scarcely had he arrived when he fell ill.

注：上面所说的词和词组如果不在句首，句子不必用倒装语序。

上海龙凤1314另外，not only…but also连接两个主语时, 不用倒装，如：

Not only the students, but also the teacher wishes for a holiday.十二、当so（或such）…that…结构中的so或such用于句首时，要采取倒装语序，如：

上海龙凤1314So loudly did he speak that he was heard upstairs.

上海龙凤1314So angry was he that he couldn’t speak.

So hard does he study that he is the best in the class.

Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.

Such was his strength that he could bend iron bars.

上海龙凤1314注：such和be连用作表语时，也常用倒装语序，

Such was the result.

上海龙凤1314Such were her words.

Such was the story he told.

十三、在下列结构中也常用倒装语序： In front of them stood a great castle.

上海龙凤1314On the bed lay a sick old man.

Under the tree sat an old man.

Seated on the ground are some young men.

上海龙凤1314Lying on the floor was a boy.

典型例题：

上海龙凤13141. Not until I began to work ______ how much time I had wasted.　

A. didn't I realize　 　 B. did I realize　　

上海龙凤1314C. I didn't realize　 D. I realize

上海龙凤13142. - Do you know Tom bought a new car?

- I don't know, _______.

上海龙凤1314A. nor don't I care　 B. nor do I care　　

C. I don't care neither　 D. I don't care also

答案为B。 Not until 引导从句位于句首，后面的主句要倒装。

答案为B。句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。 典型例题　　

- Why can't I smoke here?

上海龙凤1314- At no time _______ in the meeting-room.

上海龙凤1314A. is smoking permitted　　 B. smoking is permitted

C. smoking is it permitted　 D. does smoking permit

答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.

Not until the early years of the 19th century _______ what heat is.

A. man did know　 B. man know　

C. didn't man know　 D. did man know

答案D. 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。 典型例题

No sooner _______ than it began to rain heavily.

A. the game began　　 　　　 B. has the game begun

上海龙凤1314C. did the game begin　 　　 D. had the game begun答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when等等。

注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。

上海龙凤1314Not only you but also I am fond of music.

Period 10 (知识点补充重点难点解析;)

I。Goals:

1. To get Ss to learn and master the usages of the new words and the useful expressions in this unit.

上海龙凤13142. To enable Ss to grasp the grammar: Inversion.

II. Teaching procedures:

知识点补充：

1.damage n. ＆vt. 毁坏；损害

do/cause damage to… 损害……

1)How much must he pay for the damage?他该赔多少损失费?

上海龙凤13142)Tell the boys not to damage the desks. 告诉那些男孩不要毁坏课桌。

3)The storm did/caused great damage to the crops. 那场暴风雨对农作物造成了极大的损害。

2. agree vi. ＆vt. 同意，取得一致意见

(1)单独使用；

(2)跟介词with(同意某人的意见)。后面接人或表示“意见”、“看法”的词。有时还可表示“与……一致”的意思。

上海龙凤1314(3)跟介词on或upon(就……取得一致意见，在……方面同意或意见一致)。主语常常是协商一件事的人们或单位，后面常接表示具体协议的文件、计划、行动等名词。

(4)跟介词to“同意……”、“赞成……”，后面接表示“提议”、“办法”、“计划”等的词。

上海龙凤1314(5)跟不定式(同意做某事)。有时不定式前可带连接副词。

上海龙凤1314例：1)In a (one) way I agree with you. 在某种程度上我同意你的意见。

2)I quite agree with what you say. 我很同意你说的话。

上海龙凤13143)His words do not agree with his action. 他言行不一致。

上海龙凤13144)Do you agree to the proposal(the plan)?你同意这个提议(计划)吗?

5)We agreed on an early start.

上海龙凤13146)We agreed on making an early start. 我们同意早动身。

7)We agreed that we should start early.

8)They agreed to come on Friday. 他们同意(答应)星期五来。

上海龙凤13149)I asked him to help me and he agreed. 我请他帮忙，他答应了。

3. fit adj. (suitable) 适合的，合适的(多作表语)

be fit for… 适合；胜任

上海龙凤1314be fit to do sth. 适合，胜任(做某事)

上海龙凤1314例：1)The food is not fit(unfit) to eat. 那食物不适宜吃。

2)The man is not fit for the position. 那人不适合这职位。

fit vt. 合身，合适

上海龙凤13143)This coat doesn’t fit me very well. 这件上衣我穿不太合身。

fit 有时也可用作定语。

4)We must decide on a fit time and place for the meeting. 我们必须决定开会的恰当的时间与地点。

fit 也可用作名词。

5)The dress is a nice fit. 这件衣服正合身。

4. cattle n. 牛(总称)、家畜，集体名词，作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。

1)The cattle have been sold. 那些牛已被卖掉了。

上海龙凤13142)The farmer keeps ten head of cattle. 那农夫喂了十头牛。

上海龙凤13143)My family raise lots of cattle, including two cows. 我家喂养了很多家畜，包括两头奶牛。

5. turn…into…把……变成……( = change…into…)；把……翻译成……( = put/translate… into…)

上海龙凤1314turn into 变成

例 ①We should try to～ waste land into rice fields. 我们应努力把荒地变成稻田。

②Heated, water can ～ into vapour. 水加热变成水蒸汽。

上海龙凤13146. cause n. 原因，起因

1)Carelessness is the usual cause of accidents. 粗心大意是事故发生的通常原因。

2)What’s the cause of his stomachache?他胃痛的主要原因是什么?

上海龙凤1314vt. 使产生，引起，给……带来

上海龙凤13143)What caused his illness?他的病是什么引起的?

上海龙凤13144)What caused him to be so sad?是什么使他如此悲伤?

上海龙凤13145)He often causes trouble to his parents. 他常常给他的父母亲带来许多麻烦。

上海龙凤13147. limit n. 界限，范围，极限 vt. 限制，限定

～ed a. 有限的 un ～ ed a. 无限的

例 ①There is a limit to what I can do for you. 我能为你做的事是有限的。

②There is little money left . We must ～ our cost. 剩下的钱不多了，我们必须限制消费。

③Her knowledge of English is ～ ed. 她的英语知识是有限的。

上海龙凤13148. in place 在适当的位置；适合的，适当的

上海龙凤13141)I like to have everything in place. 我喜欢一切各在其适当的位置。

2)I don’t think your suggestion is quite in place. 我认为你的建议并不十分适当。

9. Lose one’s sight 失明

catch sight of 看见，out of sight 看不见

1)The great musician lost his sight when he was quite young. 这位伟大的音乐家很小就丧失了视力。

2)Who caught sight of the plane first?谁先看见那架飞机的?

10. dirty vt. 弄脏

I’m terribly sorry to dirty your new shirt. 把你的新衬衣弄脏了，真是抱歉。

【重点难点解析】

上海龙凤13141. 词组to one’s joy的用法

上海龙凤1314词组“to one’s joy”意思是“使人高兴的是”，在句子中作状语，不能当作句子使用；其中的名词多为表示人的情绪的名词如：surprise, joy, astonishment, horror, relief, satisfaction, sorrow等，如：

上海龙凤13141)To our great disappointment, our team lost the game. 使我们大为失望的是，我们队输了那场比赛。

上海龙凤13142)To the horror of everyone, the house caught fire. 使大家惊恐的是，房子着火了。

2. 过去分词的用法

1)过去分词在句中起形容词或副词的作用，但保留动词的特征。及物动词的过去分词表被动动作，不及物动词的过去分词表完成的动作，如：fallen leaves 落叶，the polluted water 被污染了的水。

2)过去分词的语法功能：

①作定语：

单个过去分词作定语放于被修饰词之前，过去分词短语作定语放于被修饰词之后。

上海龙凤1314例 A broken cup is lying on the ground. 地上有一只摔破的杯子。

This is the lab built in 1990. 这是1990年建的实验室。

上海龙凤1314The canned food has gone bad. 这灌装食品已变质。

②作表语：

说明主语所处的状态。

例 We were deeply moved. 我们深受感动。

She felt rather disappointed at his failure. 他的失败令她感到非常失望。

We are determined to complete the work in time. 我们决心按时完成工作。

③作状语：

上海龙凤1314与句子主语为动宾关系，表示原因、时间、条件、伴随等。

上海龙凤1314例 Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful. 从山上看，公园看上去很美丽。

上海龙凤1314The scientist entered the room, followed by some young men. 这位科学家进了房间，后面跟着一些年青人。

④作宾语补足语，与宾语为动宾关系。

上海龙凤1314例 I didn’t know you had your hair cut. 我不知道你理了发。

上海龙凤1314We should make it known to the public. 我们应当让公众知道这件事。